What is Chemistry ? States of matter (four states), Classification of matter- elements, compounds and mixture, Definition of atoms and molecules, symbol, valency (including calculation), formulae, Balancing of chemical equations ( Hit and Trial method, Partial equation’s method).

Laws of Chemical Combination, Dalton's Atomic theory. Types of chemical reactions, Equivalent mass and its determination (for elements).

Molecular chemical formulae from percentage composition, chemical calculations based on chemical equations (W/W, W/V and V/V, units of measurements of pressure, volume, temperature and other physical quantities (S.I. units).

Gaseous state (Boyle’s law, Charles, law, Graham’s law and Dalton’s law of partial pressure).

Avogadro’s hypothesis and Avogadro's number ( Applications of Avogadro's hypothesis), Ideal gas equation. Kinetic molecular theory of gases (Postulates). Deviation from ideal behaviour, Kinetic gas equation including derivation. Liquid State (Properties of liquids, vapour pressure, surface tension, viscosity)- elementary ideas (definition and unit). Solid State (classification of solids, X-Ray studies of crystal lattices and unit cells, packing of constituent particles in crystals.

Electron, proton and neutrons- discovery their charges and relative masses, Atomic Number, Nuclear model of the atom (Rutherford, Bohr’s model of atoms, Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom, quantum mechanical model of the atom, electronic configuration of atoms ( Aufbau Principle ).

History for the development of the periodic table, Mendeleev's Periodic Law, Mendeleev’s Periodic Table, Modern Periodic Law, Long form of the periodic table, modern numbering of groupings 1-18. Types of elements (Representative elements- s.p-block elements, transition elements- d-block elements, inner transition elements f-block elements).

Periodic trends in properties (valency, atomic radii, electron-affinity and ionisation energy).

Electronic theory of valency- electrovalency, covalency, polar covalency, co-ordinate covalency (Ionic bond as an extreme case of polar covalent bond, ionic character of molecules and polar molecules).

Quantum theory of covalent bond (hydrogen and some other simple molecules ; carbon compounds methane, ethane  ethene and ethyne , hybridisation- Beryllium, Boron and Carbon) Shapes of molecules (VSEPR theory) Water, ammonia, phosphorus pentachloride, methane. beryllium chloride and sulphur hexafluoride.
Hydrogen bond, Metallic bond and Resonance,

Energy change during a chemical reaction, internal energy and enthalpy, origin of enthalpy changes in a reaction. Heats of neutralisation , combustion, formation, fusion and vapourisation. Hess,s Law and simple problems. Why energy crisis if energy is conserved in nature ?

Equilibria involving physical changes (solid-liquid, liquid-gas equilibria, equilibria involving dissolution of solids in liquids, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical Processes). Equilibrium involving chemical systems ( the law of chemical equilibrium, the magnitude of equilibrium constant, numerical problems).

Effects of changing the conditions of systems at equilibrium- Le Chatelier’s principle. Equilibria involving ions (ionisation of electrolytes, weak and strong electrolytes, acid-base equilibrium, various concepts of acids and bases, ionisation of water, pH, solubility and solubility product, simple problems based on these concepts. Elementary idea of buffer solution.

Electronic concept of oxidation and reduction- oxidising and reducing agents.

Redox reactions in aqueous solutions- electrochemical cells (primary and secondary).

Oxidation number (rules for assigning oxidation numbers, redox reactions in terms of oxidation number and nomenclature). Balancing of chemical equation by oxidation number method.

Rate of chemical reaction, molecularity and order of reaction, Rate equation, Factors affecting the rates of reactions, concepts of activation energy and catalysis, Effect of light on rates of reactions ( photochemical reactions-simple ideas). Elementary reactions are steps to more complex reactions. How fast are chemical reactions ?

Hydrogen-Position in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties, reactions and uses, Hydrides and classification of hydrides.

Oxygen (occurrence, preparation, properties, uses oxides); ozone, water (structure of water molecule and its aggregates, physical and chemical properties of water, hard and soft water, softening of water). Hydrogen peroxide (Preparation, properties and uses), oxides of nitrogen, ammonia, nitric acid (preparation, properties and uses).

(Boron, Silicon, Phosphorus, Sulphur, Halogens and Noble gases).

Boron- Occurrence, isolation, properties, uses ;Borax, Boric acid - Their preparation and uses.

Silicon-Occurrence, preparation, properties, uses ; silica and glass-elementary ideas.

Phosphorus- Occurrence, preparation, properties, uses, oxides and oxyacids of phosphorus, chemical fertilizers (of phosphorus). Sulphur- Occurrence, extraction properties and reactions, oxides, sulphuric acid-preparation, properties and uses ; Halogen- preparation, properties and uses ; Hydrogen halides (HCI, HBr and HI) preparation, Noble gases - Discovery, occurrence, isolation and uses of He, Ne, and Ar.

Earth as a source of elements.

Extraction of Metals (General metallurgical processes, concentration of ore, production of metals and their purification). Mineral wealth of India (elements in sea, elements in Biology).

(Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium and Aluminium). Sodium and Potassium - Occurrence and extraction, properties and uses, important compounds-NaOH, NaHCO3, Na2CO,,, NaCI, KC!, KOH. Magnesium and Calcium- Occurrence, extraction, properties and uses ; important compounds-MgCI2,MgSO4 CaO, Ca(OH)2CACO3 CASO4, and plaster of Paris,

Aluminium- Extraction, properties, uses, alloys ; aluminium chloride, alums ; cement-manufacture.

(Fe, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Sn, Pb).

Iron- Extraction from important ores, oxides of iron, halides, sulphides, sulphates, steels (manufacture, composition and uses).

Copper, silver and gold- Occurrence, extraction, properties, uses, oxides, halides, sulphates.

Zinc-- Occurrence, extraction, properties, uses, oxides, halides, sulphates, uses-preparation and properties. Tin and Lead-Extraction, properties, uses, oxides, sulphides, halides- preparation, properties.

Elemental carbon- (tetravalency, allotropy).

Carbon Compounds.

Inorganic compounds of carbon (oxides of carbon, carbides-Their preparation and properties).

Organic compounds, functional groups, homologous series and classification of organic compounds.

Nomenclature of organic compounds (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, arenes, alcohols aldehydes, ketones, halides, acids nitro compounds and amines).

Sources of hydrocarbons -Coal and petroleum , petroleum refining, cracking,, reforming, octane number, cetane number. Alkanes-structure, isomerism, conformation (simple ideas), General methods of preparation, physical properties, reactions and uses-Detail study of methane and ethane.

 Alkane-Structure, cis-trans isomerism, general methods of preparation, reactions and uses-Detail study of ethane and propane.

 Arenes-Preparation , property, uses and structure of benzene, isomerism in arenes.

Purification-Crystallisation, sublimation, distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, extraction , chromatography ( paper, column, reference values).

Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, halogens. Estimation of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. Calculation of empirical and molecular formulae.

Carbohydrates-Definition and classification, their biological functions.

Definition and biological functions of Lipids.

Aminoacids, Proteins and Nucleic acids. Denaturation of proteins.

Elementary concepts of enzymes and their biological functions.

Books Recommended

PRACTICAL

Experiments

1. Basic Laboratory Techniques

(a) Cutting and rounding a glass tube or rod, bending of glass tubes, drawing out a glass jet, boring of corks.

(b) Acquaintance with chemical balance and weight box, setting balance and weighing.

(c) Preparation of solutions to be used as laboratory reagents-dilution of concentrated acids to a deserved normality .

(d) Preparation of standard oxalic and sodium carbonate solutions.

2. Preparation of the following gases and study of their properties-ammonia, hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

3. Volumetric Analysis.

Simple titrations involving acidimetry and alkalimetry using methyl orange/phenolphthalein indicators,

(i ) HCI /H2S04 with Na2C03.

(ii) HCI /H2SO4/Oxalic acid with NaOH

4. Qualitative Analysis

Detection of a Cation and an Anion present in a single salt (ions listed below) soluble in water/HCI.

Cations  : Pb²⁺, Cu ²⁺, Fe ³⁺ , Zn ^{2+ ,} Ca ²⁺, Mg ²⁺

Anions : CO₃ ^2-, S ^2-, SO ₄^2- , N0₃^- and Cl^-

Books Recommended

1 . A Textbook of Practical Chemistry for Class XI by N. Nila Singh, K. Nabachandra Singh- Writers' Book Store.

2. A Textbook of Practical Chemistry for Class-XI published by S.I. & Co.

CLASS XII

THEORY PAPER

Units

Modification of Bohr's model (Sommerfeld's model) Dual nature of matter and radiation, de-Broglie equation, uncertainty principle, quantum numbers, orbitals, shapes of orbitals, Pauli's exclusion principle, Hund's rule, electronic configuration of atoms-Aufbau principle. More about covalent bond-Valence bond theory and Molecular Orbital Theory, hybridisation ( Involving s-, p and d-orbitals)

The structure of simple ionic compounds, close-packed structure, ionic-radii, simple silicates, imperfections in solids, properties of solids, amorphous solids

Types of solutions, equivalens mass of acids, bases, salts, oxidising and reducing agents ; vapour pressure, relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoullt’s Law. Colligative properties-Elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point (without derivation), osmosis and osmotic pressure (.determination excluded). Electrolytic solutions, some simple related problems.

First low of Thermodynamics-Definition, internal energy, enthalpy, applications of First Law of thermodynamics. Second Law of Thermodynamics-Entropy, free energy. Spontaneity of chemical reaction, free energy change and chemical equilibrium, free energy as energy available for useful work.

Definition of Third Law of Thermodynamics.

Arrhenuis theory of electrolytic dissociation, Faraday’s Laws, related problems, electrolytic conductance, voltaic cell. electrode potential and electromotive force, Nernst equation and simple problems, Gibb's free energy, some commercial cells, corrosion of metals.

Rate Expression , order of a reaction, rate equation for 1st order reaction ; units of rates and specific rate constant, effect of temperature and concentration on rate constant, fast reactions, photochemical reactions.

Halides and Hydroxy compounds, Nomenclature, preparation, properties and uses of haloalkanes, haloarenes, alcohols and phenols. Preparation, properties and uses of dichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, D.D.T., B.H.C., ethane-1,2 diol and propane-1,2,3-triol.

Nomenclature, preparation, properties and uses of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives-acyl halides, acid anhydrides, amides and esters. Preparation , properties and uses of acetyl chloride, acetic anhydride, acetamide and ethyl acetate.

A brief description of the chemistry for the carbon compounds containing nitrogen-cyanides, isocyanides, Nitro-compounds, amines- their methods of preparation, correlation of physical properties with structure, chemical reactions and uses.

The general chemistry of s-and p-block elements..

General characteristic properties-dependence on electronic Configuration, oxidation states, general features of Inner transition elements.

First row transition metals and general properties of their oxides, halides and sulphides.

Group wise study of the general properties of second and third row transition elements. Preparation and properties of K₂ Cr₂0₇,KMnO₄ and FeCl₃

General trends in chemical properties of Lanthanides and Actinides.

Double and complex salts, Werner’s theory of co-ordination, nomenclature, isomerism, bonding in co-ordination compounds, stability of co-ordination compounds, organo-metallic compounds, application of organo-metallic compounds.

Nature of radiation from radioactive substances, kinetic equation for radioactivity, half-life period, types of nuclear reactions, radioactive disintegration series, artificial transmutation of elements, synthetic elements, isotopes and their uses, elements of radiocarbon dating.

Adsorption (physical and chemical), colloids-classification, preparation, optical and electrical properties, Emulsions, Micelles, catalysis, types of catalysis and characteristics, applications to industry.

Polymers-Definition, classification, some important Polymers-Rubber, cellulose, rayon, cellophane, synthetic polymers-P.V.C., nylon. synthetic rubber, bakelite, resin, polystyrene (general methods of preparation and important uses).

Monosaccharides-Ribose, Glucose, Fructose,

Disaccharides- Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose (only Structure and biological functions) Some common amino-acids-Nomenclature and biological functions. Nucleic acids and their biological functions. Chemical evolution and origin of life.

Elementary ideas of the chemistry of digestion, respiration, photosynthesis, Immune system-Antibodies, hormones (simple ideas only)

A descriptive account of chemistry involved in the use of important chemicals in everyday life such as dyes, fibres and polymers, plant growth hormones, pheromone, insecticides (Malathion, Aldrin, DDT), Chemicals.

Books Recommended

PRACTICAL

Experiments

1. Content Based Experiments

(a) Preparation of double salts-ferrous ammonium sulphate or potash alum.

(b) Preparation of lyophobic solutions-Fe (OH)3, AI (OH)3, As2S3.

(c) Separation of Pigments present in leaves and flowers.

(d) (i) Detection of elements (N,S,Cl) in organic compounds.

(ii) Test for functional groups-aldehydic, ketonic, carboxy1, amino and phenolic.

2. Volumetric Analysis.

Volumetric analysis involving permanganometry using oxalic acid and ferrous ammonium sulphate solutions.

3. Quantitative Analysis : (use of semi-micro-techniques to be used).

Systematic analysis for the detection of one cation and one anion present in a single salt soluble in H20/HCI (ions listed below) :

Cations : Pb²⁺ , Cu ²⁺, Ca ²⁺ , As ³⁺ , Hg ²⁺ , Al ³⁺ ,Fe²⁺ Fe³⁺,Zn²⁺, Co ²⁺ , Mn ²⁺ , Ni ²⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , Ba ²⁺,Mg ²⁺ ,  Sr²⁺ ,,NH ₄⁺ , Na⁺, K⁺.

Anions: S ^2- , SO₄^2- , CO₃^2-, N0 ₃^- , Cl^-,Br^-,I^-, PO₄ ^3-,CH₃COO^-

Note : Phosphates of the cations after IIA are to be avoided.

4. Project Work (Any one of the following is to be submitted at the time of final examination).

(i) Study of diffusion of a solid into a liquid.

(ii) Investigation on the foaming capacity of different washing soaps and effect of addition of sodium carbonate on them.

(iii) Determination of the rate of evaporation of different liquids.

(iv) Study of the presence of insecticides/pesticides (nitrogen containing) in vegetables and fruits.

(v) Study of the quantity of casein present in different samples of milk.

(vi) Study of common food adulterants in fat, oil, butter, sugar, turmeric powder, chilli powder and pepper.

(vii) Study of setting mixtures of cement with lime sand of different qualities, rice husk, etc. (with respect to time, volume and strength).

(viii) Determination of neutralising capacity of various antacids available in the market.

(ix) Identification of cations and anions present in common fertilizers.

Note : These are only specimens of Investigatory Projects. In order to promote innovativeness the students be encouraged to take up new projects (other than the ones mentioned above) in consultation and approval of the teacher concerned.

Books Recommended